The Fragance Market and Perfume Industry - 792 Words

The billion pound fragrances market in the United Kingdom is highly competitive and is always adapting to their environment. Despite the recession, the fragrances market have managed to boost their market value and thrive in the slowly recovering economy. To stay in business, it is imperative for marketing managers in fragrances to acknowledge issues in their macro and micro environments, such as the current economic state, the behaviour of consumers and governmental issues revolving around the perfume industry. In spite of the slow recovery from the 2008 recession, market value of fragrances have increased 25.6% over the last 5 years (Key Note, 2013, pp. 15). The buying power of consumers and household disposable income is strengthening in the UK, even though unemployment rates and inflation are rising. Many would assume the financial condition of the macro-environment would result in consumers cutting spending on nonessential goods like perfumes. Surprisingly, buyers of the in dustry’s microenvironment view fragrances as necessary essentials and premium fragrances are driving the market value upwards. The increased disposable income has aided in the success of premium fragrance sales due to patrons’ willingness to indulge in expensive perfumes than switch to cheaper products. Marketers must understand that fragrances are relatively in-elastic demand to their consumers and in order to compete in the marketplace through the recovering economy, brands need to advertiseShow MoreRelatedEssay on Abercrombie and Fitch, Strategic Managment2096 Words   |  9 Pageshas been denominated as one of the most important brands in the retailing business. ABERCROMBIE AND FITCH The company Abercrombie Fitch (AF) is a retailer of informal clothes and accessories. These accessories include including cologne and perfume for men and women. AF has its operations based in more than 300 stores that at the same time incorporate abercrombie stores for children; Hollister (Southern Californian style) and the new brand Gilly Hicks for underwear (Abercrombie and FitchRead MoreMarketing essay on Chanel4291 Words   |  18 PagesJanuary 2013 Markets, Marketing and Strategy Report MMS Report, 1 January 2013 Markets Marketing and Strategy Report Executiv summary : This report provides an analysis and evaluation of Chanel’s marketing strategies and of its place in the Luxury market today. Methods of analysis include three theorical models that help to understand the complexity of Chanel business environment and its main resources. Those three models are: PESTEL, SWOT and 5 Porter’s forces. In thisRead MoreEssay on Cosmetics Industry9878 Words   |  40 Pages4842 Group Case 2 Retail Specialty Cosmetics Industry Analysis March 19, 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS Industry Type Degree of Industry Concentration Opportunities and Threats Opportunities Threats Past and Projected Market Growth Rate Competitive Analysis New Entrants Substitutes Rivalry within the Industry Suppliers Buyers Driving Forces Analysis Industry Key Success Factors Financial Analysis

Oxfordshire Go Active Project Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(49) " and non insulin dependant diabetes \( NIDD \) \." Over the old ages a positive correlativity between physical activity and wellness has been shown in many surveies. Physical activity has been known to forestall certain medical conditions like cardiovascular diseases, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ( NIDDM ) , Colon malignant neoplastic disease and it likely gives protection against osteoporosis and mental unwellness ( USDOHHS 1996 ) . There is 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Oxfordshire Go Active Project Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2-2.0 fold comparative hazard of mortality in sedentary people than in physically active population USDOHHS 1996 ) . There is a greater hazard of being unfit than being fit in populating a sedentary life style ( Blair et al 1989 ) . A five fold hazard of mortality in unfit adult females and a threefold hazard in inactive and unfit work forces compare to does that are most fit has been shown by Blair et Al. ( 1989 ) . Harmonizing to the WHO ( 2002 ) 6 % of all deceases for work forces and 6.7 % for adult females are cause by physical inaction in the developed universe. Too small physical activity has been shown to be the cause of 3.3 % and 3.2 % of all lost DALY every bit good as an estimated 33 % of all deceases from Coronary bosom disease ( CHD ) , colon malignant neoplastic disease and NIDDM ( Powell and Blair, 1994 ) . The bulk of population in most developed states like the UK is non as physically active as necessary from a wellness position point ( Engstrom, 1997 ) . Obviously there are several grounds for a society to advance physical activity and from a public wellness position PA has the potency to better the state ‘s wellness. Sedentary life has become a public wellness job particularly in the developed universe. This is chiefly due to people passing tonss of clip driving autos watching telecasting, playing electronic games and so on. Until of recent PA has non been in the bow forepart of national policy, nevertheless in the last decennary it is going recognized and it is mentioned in most of the national service frame works ( DOH 1999, DOH 2000 and DOH 2001 ) . Peoples are hence progressively encouraged and advised by the primary wellness attention in England to acquire involved in visible radiation or heavy physical activity plans through referral strategies ( Fox et al 1997, Riddock et al 1998 ) . In the UK it is the primary attention trusts ( PCT ) in coaction with Sports England who are the chief boosters and suppliers of such referral strategies and Oxford PCT is no freedom to this. Objectively the strategy is designed to assist keep the wellness and good being of the public and they recommend all grownups ( 16years and supra ) to accomplish at least a sum of 30 proceedingss a twenty-four hours of moderate to intensive physical activity on 5 or more yearss a hebdomad. In 2004 the Oxford shire PCT in acknowledging this vision made a corporate determination to travel towards a new county Sports partnership: ( a partnership which jointly includes a web of bureaus, groups and persons who are committed to accomplishing a shared vision for the county ) which is to better the physical activity degrees of their public through PA referral strategies. Sports England who was the first provokers of this alteration was willing to financially and logistically back up all the 49 counties ‘ athleticss partnerships within England under the umbrella of †GO Active † . The chief purpose of the Oxford shire Go active undertaking is to better the wellness and good being of the dwellers of Oxfordshire by increasing and widening engagement by grownups ( 16+ ) in athletics and active recreational plans. The partnership nucleus squad was approached by the Oxfordshire PCT in June 2007 for them to work together to debar the increasing dainty of fleshiness i n the community due to inaction. As a start the PCT allocated funding for two stations to this undertaking to acquire started in 2008 which will co-occur with the launch of the new †Oxfordshire Fleshiness Strategy Program † . The logic was to pull the two plans together under one streamer to maximise added value and impact while minimising cost on undertaking direction, selling every bit good as the cost monitoring and rating. This brings us to the chief subject of this thesis which is intended to measure the cost effectivity of this physical activity referral strategy: †The Oxfordshire Go-Active Undertaking † over a period of a twelvemonth since it was commissioned. The potencies of physical active to better the wellness of the state from a public wellness position have been copiously manifested and yet at that place have non been equal economic ratings of such PA intercessions. From experience, Jackie and Jane ( 2006 ) , have shown that people working in the wider field of public wellness does non see rating as their chief precedence and may even see it striping them of valuable clip that could be better utilized in bettering wellness. However late economic rating has become an built-in portion of most undertakings little or large due to the fact that most undertakings have legion interest holders all with different dockets, involvements and positions about what result constitutes a successfu l undertaking. Evaluation is designed to find the value or worth of an activity ( Graney 2002 ) . Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction This chapter gives an overview of cardinal literature on the economic rating of physical activity referral strategies ( PARS ) or Exercise referral Schemes ( ERS ) . Over the past decennary the United Kingdom and most industrialized states have progressively recognized the function of physical activity in bettering public wellness and this resulted in a big figure of research and policy development aimed at physical activity publicity ( DOH 2004, DOH 2005, NICE 2006 ) . The function primary health care in undertaking increasing degrees of physical activity within the general population has late been reemphasized by the UK authorities ( Taylor A 2003 ) . US surgeon general ( 1996 ) reported on the chief effects of physical activity ( PA ) on wellness and disease and the effects highlighted were: lower entire mortality rates and lessening hazard of cardiovascular mortality, colon malignant neoplastic disease and non insulin dependant diabetes ( NIDD ) . You read "Oxfordshire Go Active Project Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" It was stipulated that regular PA besides delays or prevents high blood force per unit area ( HBP ) , reduces blood force per unit area in hypertensive sick persons and relieves the symptoms of depression and anxiousness. A meta analysis of PA in relation to the bar of coronary bosom disease ( CRD ) concluded that the comparative hazard of CRD in the least active compared to the most active is 1.9, Berlin et Al. ( 1990 ) . Physical activity in bettering the wellness and well-being of the people can non be ignored. The rational for this reappraisal is to determine what is known about such plans as respect to what benefits are gained, cost effectivity of intercessions and what indexs are used to mensurate effectivity ; qualitatively, quantitatively, morbidity or mortality rates or economically. The relevant literature will besides be used in all subdivisions of this thesis which is chiefly geared to measuring the cost effectivity of â€Å" Oxfordshire GO Active undertaking † run by Oxfordshire Primary Care Trust ( PCT ) . Literature from all facets and changing signifiers of PARS and or Erbiums from assorted parts of the universe were looked at and the sum of literature was poetry. The reappraisal standard was based on the PICOS system, Greenhalph ( 1997 ) and Oxman et Al. ( 1994 ) , so as to guarantee lucidity, quality, truth and cogency. In this reappraisal a sum of 15 undertaking documents on physical activity referral strategies were studied and a mix March of assorted survey types and plans were considered runing from: randomized control tests, systematic reappraisals, cost effectiveness Socio-demographic patterning of referral surveies, strategies to advance physical activity in grownups, community based exercising programmes, primary attention based referral strategies, ethnically based referral strategies and so on. Due to the big figure of research documents found the reappraisal for the intent of thesis sweep from 1998 to 2010. A survey by Stevens et Al. ( 1998 ) did a cost-effectiveness analysis of a primary attention based physical activity intercession in the 45-74 twelvemonth old work forces and adult females in London. In the survey two west London general patterns ( GP ) together with an exercising development officer ( EDO ) invited 714 inactive people aged 45-74 to their audiences and offered them a individualized 10 hebdomad physical activity ( PA ) plan to increase their degree of exercising ; through combined place based and leisure Centre activities. The chief aim was to measure the cost effectivity of the intercession ; by comparing the cost of the PA in intercession group to that of the control group. The control group was merely sent information on local leisure centres. The initial choice procedure involved directing self assessment questionnaires to everyone in the surgery list aged between 45-74 old ages. The questionnaire asked for basic demographic informations ; ( instruction, ethnicity, matrimonial position and socioeconomic activity ) and a self appraisal of the figure of episodes of either mild or vigorous PA undertaken for at least 20 proceedingss per hebdomad in the last 4 hebdomads. A list of moderate activities including alert working, heavy horticulture, cycling for pleasance. Heavy DIY and swimming for leisure were given and vigorous activities like jogging/running, competitory athleticss, swimming lengths briskly, mounting stepss and fast cycling were included in questionnaire. Out of 2253 baseline questionnaires sent 1288 ( 57 % ) were returned of these 63 % were adult females and 46 % work forces, 827 were inactive, 113 excluded on medical evidences and the 714 left were randomized into 363 for intercession and 351 as control. Exercise development officer ( EDO ) through the GP invited the intercession group to a audience in a local leisure Centre. At the first audience merely 126 attended, 2nd audience 91 came and after 8 months 200 returned the follow up questionnaire. The control group, ( who were merely sent exercising publicity stuffs but non invited for any audiences ) , returned 215 questionnaires for the 8 months follow up appraisal. The consequences after 8 hebdomads showed a net 10.6 % ( 95 % Confidence Interval ( CI ) 4.5- 16.9 ) decrease in sedentary life and a corresponding increased 1.52 episodes of PA ( 95 % , CI 1.14 -1.95 ) among the intercession group. Response rate was highest in topics aged 65-74 old ages old ( 64 % ) followed by 55-64 twelvemonth olds ( 54 % ) and the youngest group 45-54 twelvemonth olds ( 37 % ) Stevens et Al. ( 1998 ) calculated the cost of each single intercession to be about ?650 pieces the cost of traveling person from the control group to the recommended degree of PA would be about ?2500, a difference of ?1750. However Steven et Al. ( 1998 ) realized the cost of the enlisting procedure is the highest hence a high uptake rate of participant would cut down cost markedly. However the bettering wellness additions of PA reduced mortality rate ( particularly from cardiovascular conditions, colon malignant neoplastic disease and diabetes ) , Regular PA besides delayed HBP, reduced BP in hypertensive sick persons and releases symptoms of depression and anxiousness. Statistically the Two by Two tabular arraies applied to compare the sedentary topics for intercession and the control group in the survey. The 95 % CI calculated utilizing the formulary: antilog ( log OR + 1.96SE ) where the standard mistake ( SE ) = ( 1/A+1/B +1/C +1/D ) 1/2 for a standard two by two tabular array. In ciphering the cost effectivity three steps were used: First the cost of bring oning one sedentary individual to set about more physical activity ( the chief intended out semen of the test ) was calculated and found to be ?623 per individual. Second the cost of traveling person who is active but below the lower limit needed PA degree was calculated and cost at merely under ?2500 per individual. Third the cost of accomplishing any addition in an persons degree of PA cost ?327 to motion to a higher group or less so ?200 for an absolute addition in PA. The survey undertaken by Steven et Al. ( 1998 ) has shown that it is possible to cut down sedentary life at a moderate PA strength in work forces and adult females between 45-74 through a primary attention trust based intercession. The enlisting procedure has besides been observed as the most of import facet of the intercession and they concluded that maximising cost effectivity is reciprocally relative to a higher uptake rate, the higher the uptake the more cost effectual the intercession. Another cost effectivity survey carried out by Munro et Al. ( 2004 ) at the university of Sheffield, was a clustered randomised test of a community based exercising plan in the over 65 twelvemonth olds in Sheffield. The chief aim of this survey is to measure how cost effectual a community based exercising plan for older grownups is as a population broad public wellness intercession. The survey was based on the rule that those with active life styles enjoy better physical and mental wellness than sedentary people, Fentem et Al. ( 1998 ) and Nicholl et Al. ( 1994 ) . The benefits of exercising in the aged over 65 old ages were assumed to include improved cardiovascular position, functional ability and mental operation every bit good as decreased hazards of ; CHD, shot, hip breaks, mortality rate, type II diabetes and depression, ( Paffenbarger et al. 1993, Morris et Al. 1973, Solonen et Al. 1982, Herman et al. 1983, Boyce et Al. 1988 and Wickham et Al. 1989 ) . In add-on to some of the expected additions in mortality and nest eggs from reduced usage of wellness services there is an estimated cardinal cost per Quality Adjusted Life Years ( QALY ) of a‚ ¬17,172, ( Raftery J. NICE:2001 ) . Twelve pattern list all patients with day of the month of birth before 1/4/1930In this survey 13 patterns in Sheffield were ab initio approached to take part but one opted out. The staying 12 patterns who agreed to take part, four were indiscriminately selected as intercession group ( through a computing machine random totaling plan ) and the staying eight patterns were allocated as vitamin E control. All people aged 65 or over were sent a base line postal physical activity Questionnaires ( PAQ ) , for the aged ( Vorrips et al. 1990 ) to find their current degree of accustomed PA and general wellness position utilizing ( SF-36 ) . Those with PA mark of fewer than 20 % were notified and allowed to take part. Letterss from the research squad were sent to respondents run intoing the inclusion standards ask foring them to bespeak an involvement in go toing local exercising Sessionss twice hebdomadally. To get down with 9897 people ( those born on the 1st of April 1930 ) were sent the baseline study letters, 8117 ( 82 % ) of them completed the studies, 126 ( 1.2 % ) went off, there was no response from 1461 ( 14 % ) and 192 ( 2 % ) refused to finish the study signifiers. Out of the 8117 people who completed the studies 29 of them died before the 1st of August 1995, the most active 1612 and an 56 losing active mark were excluded go forthing 6420 least active people to be randomized as 2283 topics in intercession group and 4137 people in the control group. By the terminal of the intercession period 590 ( 26 % ) of those invited attended at least one session and the staying 74 % ( 1693 ) attended nor session at all. However it is of import to observe that the test had twice every bit many controls as intercessions and the ground for this is because the comparative cost of including controls was much smaller. After the survey design was in topographic point and allotments done to put to death the survey a timetable was arranged and a 2nd missive sent to all respondents ask foring them to the first session. This survey was similar to the 1 by Steven et Al. ( 1998 ) but the difference was the manner the intercession was introduced to the participants. It really clearly spelt out as a locally organized free twice hebdomadal exercising categories for the participants for two old ages. Besides the benefits to be derived and the chief purpose of the undertaking were clearly stated. The scope of activities on offered were clearly noted in with a specified clip edge ( 75minutes ) ; 45 proceedingss allocated for physical activity and the staying 30 proceedingss spent on other leisure and gratifying activities like: bowling, swimming, state walking, and tea dances. The locale for most categories were to be held in church halls, community centres and or sometimes in residential places. In a nut shel l the intercession was matter-of-fact, specific, inexpensive and easy organized for a big population by a public wellness bureau. The economic analysis was taken from a wellness service position and designed to make a wellness use analysis ; comparing costs and benefits of the intercession, as sing QALY, to other purchased wellness services on offer. The result nevertheless provided adequate counsel to the policy shapers in offering exercising to the aged with the apprehension that most of the cost involved was from enlisting, disposal, payment to exercising leaders, the locale, participant ‘s clip spent and refreshment. The one-year cost of the exercising was about ?128,302 giving a average cost of about ?125.78 and a cost per attendant per session of ?9.06 ( i.e. a sum of 2040 Sessionss were done in the two old ages, ensuing into 27 800 individual Sessionss with an estimated cardinal cost of ?267,033 ) . There was purpose to handle ( ITT ) for no topic was to be excluded from the survey by their general practicians. However QALY benefits were merely calculated based on 3149 participants who completed the SF-36 at all three appraisals ( 2097 control and 1052 intercession ) so in ciphering QALY three different attacks were examined: Entire cost of plan divide by the QALY gained for study completers merely ( i.e. n = 1052 ) ; Entire cost for study completers merely divided by their QALY addition ( i.e. n = 1052 ) , and the entire cost divided by QALY gained presuming all the participants in the intercession arm experience the mean addition ( i.e. n = 2283 ) . The entire cost of â€Å" merely the study completers † divided by QALY gained ( n=1052 ) was assumed to be the cardinal estimation and when combined with the cardinal cost estimation it yields a average cost per QALY of ?17,172 ( 95 % ) CI = ( 8300 – 87115 ) . When these premises were changed it resulted into the cost effectivity of the exercising plan varying between ?4 739 and ?32 533 per QALY, Munro et Al. ( 2004 ) , Mortality rate was down following the 2-3 old ages intervention period but non by a important border, statistically ( p = 0.50 ) Munro et Al. ( 2004 ) . Between the intercession and control group there was no important difference in the usage of wellness services and the intercession group were estimated to hold less diminution in wellness than the control, ( Munro et al. 2004 ) . To reason it was recommended that for a more accurate appraisal of the plan to be undertaken the follow up period has to be extended and the trouble in quantifying the cost of QALY must be appreciated for merely a good estimation can be made. However it is believed that the cost uncertainness could be reduced with higher degrees of participants and lower degrees of losing informations ( Munro et al. 2004 ) . The plan farther supported Morris ‘ contention that †exercise is a best bargain † in public wellness footings ( Morris, 1994 ) and besides as envisaged by the UK ‘s National Services Framework for older people ( DOH 2001 ) and it might be developed into a worthwhile consequence. Another more recent survey on the cost effectivity of a community-based physical activity intercession was carried out in the United States by Larissa et Al. ( 2008 ) . The background of this survey emphasized the association of PA with the addition hazard of many chronic diseases and with the premise these hazards lessening with increasing physical activity. The survey was a PA publicity intercession among American grownups, conducted from a social position and intended to gauge the life-time costs, wellness additions and cost effectivity ( Dollars per QALY gained ) compared to no intercession. The difference between the sum expected cost of intercession and the sum expected cost of no intercession would be the cost effectivity ; which is the ratio of the incremental costs ( dollars ) to incremental QALY. The incremental QALYs are the differences between entire expected QALYs associated with the intercession and those associated with no intercession. The cost effectivity analysis was of a cohort survey of US grownups who were aged 25 -64 by 2004 and were stratified by age, gender and degree of physical activity. The standard for inclusion is for: All cohort members at the beginning of the survey to be good ( i.e. to be free from the five most common diseases associated with physical inaction ( i.e. CHD, Ischemic shot, type 2 diabetes, chest malignant neoplastic disease and colorectal malignant neoplastic disease ) USDHHS ( 1996 ) , Kasaniemi et Al. ( 2001 ) ; An elaborate survey protocol for bing must be available ; PA outcome step must be available and a survey period of at least 3 months must be carried out. Seven intercession surveies were chosen: usage of personal trainers, standard behavior-therapy Sessionss, fiscal inducements, phone calls to participants to increase PA, school based plans or the 6years Stanford five metropolis integrated community based wellness instruction intercession for bettering PA through mark poster, media, community walking events and worksite were used. The cost effectivity of each intercession was estimated utilizing methods consistent with the guidelines established by the panel on cost-effectiveness in wellness and medical specialty Gold et Al. ( 1996 ) . The life-time costs were projected in both life-years ( endurance ) and QALYs associate with the seven evaluated PA publicity intercessions and with the non intercessions scenario. The mean comparative public presentation of each intercession was assessed compared to no intercession utilizing the ration of any extra expected cost of each plan. The figure of disease averted were besides estimated and one-way, bipartisan and probabilistic sensitiveness analysis conducted to assist find the hardiness of the concluding consequences. The mean individual old ages cost effectivity of the seven wellness publicity intercessions cumulated over a 40 twelvemonth clip skyline for the whole US population, aged 25-74years were summarized and reported. The deliberate norm discounted quality adjusted life anticipation ( QALE ) was 14.77 old ages and the entire life clip costs were approximately $ 195,000. Engagement in the intercessions per hebdomad improved the mean QALYs by 0.7 to 5.3. and these are tantamount to 0.014 to 0.102. ( i.e. 14.781-14.767 to 14.869-14.767 ) comparison to no intercession. Those participants in the enhanced entree intercession group by Linenger ( 1991 ) with the highest ( 0.102 ) and those in the community broad run survey by Young ( 1996 ) with the least addition ( 0.014 ) addition QALYs. The Participants of the societal support schemes intercession group, studied by Lombard ( 1995 ) had QALE of 14.79 old ages and a cost of $ 27,370 per QALY gained comparative to no intewrvention. In another inte rcession ; PA constituent of diabetes bar group ; â€Å" separately adapted wellness behaviour changed † studied by Knowler ( 2002 ) had a cost effectivity ratio of $ 46,910 when compared to no intercession. It was evident all the intercessions reduced diseases incidence and the decrease ranged from 5 to 15 instances per 100,000 for colorectal malignant neoplastic diseases ; 15 to 58 instances per 100,000 for chest malignant neoplastic disease ; 59 to 207 instances per 100,000 for type 2 diabetes and to every bit many as 140 – 476 instances per 100,000 for CHD. Ischemic stroke which is really much age related did non follow the same decrease tendency, likely due to increase in length of service by the intercessions. One interesting observation was that as the analytical clip skyline was shortened the higher the cost of QALY gets eg cost of QALY ( when the clip skyline reduced from 40-years to 10-years, in Lambard ‘s societal support intercession ) increased form $ 27,000 to $ 147,000. This literature reappraisal found illustrations of cost effectual analysis intercessions from assorted parts of the universe and they all seem to be based on either advice, behavior alterations, exercising or a combination of them. Evidence of cost effectivity in intercessions aimed at those whose merely hazard factor for unwellness was sedentary life style was missing. However, even though limited, there is more grounds for the cost effectivity of intercessions aimed at bad groups or those who manifest hapless wellness related to physical wellness. For a much better and a complete cost effectual analysis of publicities of PA intercessions to be achieved it is indispensable to near it from a social position ; e.g. is the intercession gratifying, is it making new friends, and is it bettering the mental and physical wellness of the people every bit good as their socioeconomic well-being. This becomes hard and more or less impossible due to miss of resources ; quantitative and qualitati ve informations and non plenty follow up clip is usually allotment. How to cite Oxfordshire Go Active Project Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Communication Became a Problem Because Of Language-Free Samples

Question: How To Communication Became a Big Problem Because Of Language? Answer: Introducation As a young person, I had to learn about change management in my life. My parents always advised me that it is through proper change management that someone can achieve a lot in life. I came to realize that one particular way of acquiring the knack of change management is through excelling in academics. Through academics, there is constant learning and getting to know how to deal with complex situations. I learned that through change management, one could quickly adjust to the prevailing social, political, technological, and economic conditions (Ent, and Baumeister, 2014). The specific incidence that I will write about is the challenges that I faced as a result of culture shock. When I got a job as an intern in a local fashion shop in the neighboring country, things looked to be a little bit different. Indeed, getting a new job is a dream of everybody as it presents new challenges both for intellectual and professional development (Shi, and Wang, 2013). However, my situation was made worse by the compounding effects of the new culture. Analysis There was a change in culture in the host country. Communication became a big problem because of the language barrier (Menzies, and Baron, 2014). Further, I was not accustomed to eating the food that was being prepared. I was in a big dilemma because this was my first job and the need to travel home. It suffices to point out that relating to my colleagues became problematic since we could not understand each other. The countryside looked good, and the people seemed very receptive. The human resource manager was a great leader who always offered words of encouragement. In most cases, I felt homesick and lonely. I would just sit on my desk and become nostalgic about home. Though in the meantime, I decided that my iPod would be my companion since I felt that there was no need for learning the new language. Seemingly, I was wrong in this since human beings are social animals who must interact at an interpersonal level (Menzies, and Baron, 2014). To me, withdrawing my colleagues and being aloof was not the best strategy that I should have employed in the organization. Implementation Planning Culture shock is a result of an abrupt change in culture. It is a common phenomenon that affects many people across the world. Today, I have learned how to handle issues of culture change and culture shock. Culture is a way of life, and every organization or society has its culture. Throughout my studies, I have learned to develop cultural competence and to accept that culture is relative. To implement an effective strategy to handle this situation when it occurs again, I will strive to learn the culture of the host country, interact more with the locals, appreciate every aspect of their culture, maintaining a high degree of cultural competency (Haslberger, Brewster, and Hippler, 2014). References List Ent, M.R. and Baumeister, R.F., 2014. Obedience, Self?Control, and the Voice of Culture. Journal of Social Issues, 70(3), pp.574-586. Haslberger, A., Brewster, C. and Hippler, T., 2014. Managing performance abroad: A new model for understanding expatriate adjustment. Routledge. Menzies, J.L. and Baron, R., 2014. International postgraduate student transition experiences: the importance of student societies and friends. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 51(1), pp.84-94. Shi, L. and Wang, L., 2013. The culture shock and cross-cultural adaptation of Chinese expatriates in international business contexts. International Business Research, 7(1), p.23.

Person Development And Sports Essays - Joe Paterno,

Person Development And Sports Participating in athletics gives me an edge. As an athlete, I have learned to interact with many different types of people, work together, and win. Striving for excellence teaches you about your capabilities and how, with practice they can expand. Athletics is the best thing that has ever happened to me. Participating in athletics has offered me many opportunities to make friends, assume a leadership role, and take on responsibilities. Playing sports with a variety of personalities has enabled me to become a more mature and well-rounded person. Without sports, I wouldn't be who I am today. Joe Paterno said, "The will to win is important, but the will to prepare is vital." Because an athlete has to practice every day in order to prepare, it becomes apparent that you do not have all the time in the world to accomplish every day tasks. With so much going on in an athlete's life, it is essential to prioritize. Participation in athletics has helped me learn to do just that. By keeping an organized schedule of my responsibilities, and using my time well, I have been able to show my teammates that it is possible to accomplish what needs to be done. On and off the court/field, people look up to me for advice. Being able to help my teammates is a great feeling. Just knowing that others see how hard you work to get things done in your own life makes the world of difference in how you feel about yourself. Despite the number of hours I have dedicated to sports, I have been able to maintain a B average. I have learned that if something is important to you, you can accomplish whatever you need to. My participation in athletics has made all the difference in the world to me. Athletics plays a key role in many student-athletes lives. Athletic participation has given me tremendous energy and has made me feel good about myself. It has made a difference in my life, and I am sure in many other lives, too.

My report on Maria Gaetana Agnesi essays

My report on Maria Gaetana Agnesi essays When I think of mathematicians, I think of men and women working contentedly throughout the night, leaving their families, dedicating their entire lives to solving the complex equations and fundamentals of math itself. Now, when I think of Maria Agnesi, I think of someone completely different. Maria was an amazing person. She dedicated her life to helping bring up her siblings, and helping the poor and less fortunate. And with all of that going on, she still had time to go about solving equations and wondering about the fundamentals of math. She solved many amazing and complex equations and was the first woman to be elected as the honorary lecturer and the Chair of Mathematics and Natural Sciences at the University of Bologna. She survived countless hardships, but yet excelled in mathematics and various other studies as well. This was all in a time period when women were looked down upon in most parts of the world for being educated. In the end, when she had given her love for mathematics up, she still had the huge heart to go and help all of the many people who were suffering. She was an amazing person, and she must be recognized not only for her mathematic skills, but also for her amazing personality and kindness towards others. At a time when women were mostly looked down upon, Maria Gaetana Agnesi was lucky enough to be born in surroundings where it was actually considered attractive for women to be scholarly and intellectual. Her father, Pietro Agnesi, was a professor of mathematics at the University of Bologna, so Maria grew up surrounded by constant intellectual discussions, for her house was a place of meeting for the philosophers and mathematicians. She was born to Pietro and Anna Fortunato Agnesi on May16, 1718 in Milan, Italy. They were a wealthy family because of silk trade, and had many children (her father had 21) who were supported very well. The Agnesi family participated in upper class events, particu...

18 Ways for Kids to Practice Spelling Words

18 Ways for Kids to Practice Spelling Words Each week your child is likely to come home with a spelling word list in which they will have a test at the end of the week. It’s their job to study and learn the words, but simply looking at them isn’t going to do the trick. They will need some tools to help them remember the words. Here are 18 creative and interactive ways to practice spelling words. Make a Spelling Word Origami Fortune Teller These are also known as Cootie Catchers. It’s easy enough to create spelling word Cootie Catchers and having your child spell the word out loud is very helpful for auditory learners. Make and Use a â€Å"Word Catcher These modified fly-swatters can be a lot of fun to use. Give your child a copy of their spelling words and you might be surprised to see how enthusiastic they are to start swatting the words in all the books, magazines, posters, and papers in the house. Magnetic Letters, Alphabet Blocks, or Scrabble Pieces Just as saying the words out loud can help an auditory learner, literally building the words can be helpful for more visual learners. Just keep in mind you might need more than one set of magnetic letters to spell all the words. Create Your Own Crossword Puzzle Luckily there are free online tools like Discovery Educations puzzlemaker program to help you make puzzles. All you have to do is type in the word list. Use Sensory Play Some kids learn better when all their senses are involved. Doing things like spraying shaving cream on the table and letting your child trace their words in it or having them write them with a stick in the dirt can help cement the words in their memory. Play Spelling Word Memory There are a couple of ways to do this. You can make two sets of flashcards with the spelling words- it’s a good idea to write each set in a different color- or you can make one set with the words and one with the definition. After that, it’s played just like any other Memory game. Trace the Words in Rainbow Colors This is a variation on the old â€Å"write your words ten times† homework. Your child can trace each word over and over to remember the order of the letters for each word. In the end, though, it’s a lot prettier than a simple word list. Let Your Child Text the Words to You This way to practice spelling words depends, of course, on whether your child has a cell phone and what the plan includes. With unlimited texting, though, it’s easy enough for you to receive the text, correct the spelling if necessary, and send back an emoticon. Use Sandpaper Letters to Make Spelling Word Rubbings Though it requires a little prep work, this is a fun way to practice the words. Once you have a set of sandpaper letter stencils, your child can arrange each word, place a piece of paper over it, and make a rubbing with pencil or crayons. Make Word Searches This, too, is an activity that is easy enough with online resources. SpellingCity.com is a fantastic site that allows you to make word searches and create other activities for your child. Play Hangman Hangman is a great go-to game when it comes to spelling words. If you have your child use a copy of their spelling list, it will be easier for them to narrow down which word you’re using. Remember, you can always use the definition as a clue! Make up a Spelling Word Song It may sound silly, but there’s a definite connection between music and literacy. If you and your child are creative, you can create your own silly tune. For the less musically-inclined, try setting the words to the tune of â€Å"Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star† or another nursery rhyme song. Play the â€Å"Add-A-Letter† Game This game is a fun way to interact with your child. One of you starts writing the spelling word on the paper by writing one letter. The next one adds the next letter. Since many word lists include words that start with the same sounds, it may be challenging to know which word your game partner started writing. Write a Story Using Each Spelling Word Many teachers ask students to do this with their spelling words for homework, but you can add a twist by giving your child a topic to write or tell a story about. For example, challenge her to write a story about zombies using all their words. Highlight the Words in the Newspaper Give your child a highlighter and a pile of newspapers and time them to see how long it takes for them to find and highlight all the words on their list. Play a â€Å"What Letter Is Missing?† Game Slightly different than Hangman and similar to the Add-a-Letter game, this game is played by writing or typing the words, but leaving a blank space of two for key letters. Your child will have to put in the correct letters. This works particularly well to practice the vowel sounds. Act Them Out Essentially this is playing the game Charades with your child’s spelling words. You can do it a couple of ways- give your child a list of the words and have them guess which one you are acting out or put all the words in a bowl, have them choose one and ask them to act it out. Put Them in ABC Order While alphabetizing the list won’t necessarily help your child learn to spell each individual word, it will help them recognize the words and, for some children, just moving the strips (on which each word is written) around can help them keep the word in their visual memory.

Two Fundamental Conditions Determine What Each One of US Can Become Essay

Two Fundamental Conditions Determine What Each One of US Can Become - Essay Example The sense of identity which individuals experience is determined by the moral and intellectual development and it defines what one becomes in life. The nine positions or stages of students’ journey during their development were provided by William Perry and have been substantiated by research (West 61). The identity of a student is congruent to his or her attitudes towards the acquired knowledge. The first category of the nine stages of development is that of received knowledge or dualism. The basic principle of dualism explains how individuals experience problems asserting that all problems can be solved. The ability of students to obtain the right solution to every problem hence determines how they experience life and thus what they become. The identities of people are diverse in terms of their achievement in life. Achievers are those who are capable of solving life problems through application of the right solutions. The knowledge received by a person is obviously a basic f actor which influences life achievement because it is through application of acquired knowledge that various tasks are achieved. However, knowledge requires skills and experience, which defines the identity of a person in terms of what has been achieved, and what that individual is capable of doing (DeRobertis 177). The feelings, which people develop about themselves significantly, influence problem-solving abilities because those who believe that they can manage situations and overcome challenges have a different identity from people who are submissive to the inevitable life challenges. Additionally, full dualism is a position presented by Perry that demonstrates the need to ignore solutions, which are not considered right in solving particular problems. As a result, it can be argued that the feelings people develop about their identity can be said to be a result of their ability to select the right solution to problems. People who are not able to learn ways of overcoming challenge s may have bad feelings about their own self. The concept of soft determinism views events and human decisions as being determined but moral responsibility and freedom exists but on the other hand, Jean Paul Sartre argues that the decisions, which determine our existence, are a result of an accident or chance (Odesanmi 85). The decisions, which people make, justify what every individual is in life and the diverse identities, which are associated with the achievement of people in society. It is true that people have freedom to choose what they become in life but at times accidental destinies result from unexpected happenings such as disease or disability which change the identity of a person and the manner in which self-worthy is viewed by himself or other people. In child development, the humanistic approach or theory of teaching emphasizes self-concept arguing that when a child feels good about himself or herself then it shows a good start in acquisition of knowledge (Odesanmi 88). The works of Carl Rogers also demonstrates how the humanistic approach determines what a child becomes in life through evaluation of how a student feels about his or her self-worth. Positive feelings about oneself thus lead to motivated

Destructions of Rainforest Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Destructions of Rainforest - Research Paper Example For example, The Amazonian rainforest of South America contributes 20% of the world’s oxygen. Rainforest contributes to pharmaceutical developments in the world. Flora and fauna in the rainforest are used in production of approximately 25-40% of pharmaceutical products with a minimal percentage of native life tested for use. Recently, human activities have drastically reduced the size of rainforests. Most scientists argue that tropical rainforests face exhaustion through the current deforestation rate between the years 2030-2050 (politics.co.uk, 2012). Background Human civilization has led to degradation of rainforests. The rise in human population and the quest for fertile land for agriculture contributed to loss of most forests. Advancements in civilization during the industrial revolution led to increased demand for wood fuel and fertile land for agriculture. Improvements in transport and communication affected rainforests. Deforestation accelerated in the 20th century. The modern version for destruction of rainforests was for commercial purposes. Commercial logging, deforestation to create space for livestock rearing became reasons for rainforest destruction. Creation of European sugar plantations in coastal Brazil and Caribbean propagated rainforest destruction. ... Controversies Science argues that destruction of rainforests has negative impacts on the earth. Destruction of biodiversity and indigenous culture is promoted. Desertification and land degradation promotes loss in soil fertility and Greenhouse Effect which reduces the planet’s ability to recycle carbon dioxide. Economic and politics play roles in deforestation. Most rainforests are found in developing countries, which are characterized by weak political and social institutions. Developing countries depend on timber, land for agriculture, and other valuable resources for economic development. Palm oil production and soy industries pose a threat to deforestation. Conservation measur es enforced by the developed world do not reflect the interest of developing countries. This controversy has led to the debate on conservation of rainforests as a rich-poor agenda. Guidelines used to curb rainforest destruction are flouted by some governments. A country like Brazil faces criticism by environmental organizations like Worldwide Fund for Nature for continuous logging and deforestation practices. Despite this opposition, the developed world cannot be blamed for international pressure. Surveys conducted reveal that most European countries react meagerly to stop illegal importation of timber and other rainforest products. Among the EU states, UK is singled out as the only state that monitors its sources of timber. Consumption of timber products in developed countries remains to soar. The timber products fetch smart money from developed countries than developing ones (politics.co.uk, 2012). As a result, indigenous communities from rainforest areas suffer from catastrophe d ecline. Mortality rates have increased because of diseases like flu, measles and smallpox.

Starbucks Logistics Essay Example for Free

Starbucks Logistics Essay To help Starbucks on its way to successfully reach the supply chain goals they redefined and changed their distribution and warehousing strategy too. In March 2011 Starbucks signed the agreement with Green Mountain Coffee Roasters to distribute Starbucks coffee and teas for Keurig single-serving systems (2) Green Mountain Coffee Roasters owns the biggest distribution network for the single-serving systems in North America and Starbucks was able to increase their stock prices significantly after singing this deal. Also, leaving out the old partner Kraft Foods out of the distribution of its coffee in supermarkets and grocery shops Starbucks can generate some surplus income and invest it into business (3). Another example of changes in distribution is the intention of Starbucks to capitalize the distribution channels of Tevanna and continue to open more stores in malls tweaking the model (4). The relationship with their long-standing 3 PL partner company OHL has been redefined after Mr.Schultz returned as chief executive and have been improved enormously implementing day-today and peer-to-peer relationship instead of having a relationship ‘within arm reach’ as per Greg Javor, Vce President of Global Logistics for Starbucks Coffee Company (1). The relationships were leveraged to the key levels between the partners and allowed OHL to react quickly and in a more effective way to a changing and Starbucks strategy. Also, the improved communication helped to introduce more innovation into the business and now Starbucks and OHL use voice picking technologies, finger scanning technology and introduced the EDI labeling in their warehousing system. All this definitely allow Starbuck to secure a reliable supply of high-quality products and reduce the cost using all the opportunities, technologies and re-defining their distribution and warehousing objectives. Doing it in a smart way and using effectively integration of various activities for reaching the goals the company not only solves the current problems while recovering after the recession hit but builds a new capabilities and opportunities for expanding business for the future. (1) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aa_C7-W_r18 (2) http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/13/business/13coffee.html?pagewanted=1_r=0ref=starbuckscorporation (3) http://www.gezabottlik.com/310/07_Project20120Report_billyjun_Starbucks20Coffee20Report.pdf (4) http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/11/14/starbucks-to-buy-teavana-for-620-million/?ref=starbuckscorporation

Essays --

Trade-studies are used to figure out the best possible approach. Trade studies functions includes improving a particular aspect of the system design to figure out the best approach to be used given a well-defined set of technical choices and parameters [1]. The inputs of the trade study are the DDP of competing technical solutions or just one widely variable solution. These inputs can consist of models of those technical solutions, the stakeholder’s priority ranked operational requirements, system life-cycle considerations, and other data. The output of a trade-study is a decision on which technical route to follow based on the desired characteristics of the system within the alternatives being studied. The trade-study will also document the justification of the decision. The goal of this section is to explain the process that provides the trade study its justifying power, a little more detail on those inputs and outputs, when and how many trade studies are conducted, what t he sensitivity analyses are, and how alternatives are analyzed are related to trade-studies. AoA and trade-st...

Raslila Essay

Raslila has a basic script which has to be followed, but it has enough scope for improvisation as well. Though the emphasis of Raslila is on ‘darshan’ or the visual appeal, it is important to capture the ‘bhava’ or the sentiment. This is done through music, dance and drama enacted by the actors. The various ‘raasas’ or dramatic flavors like friendship, conjugal love, parental love, amazement, compassion, humour, chivalry, fury, fear and dread are expressed through this traditional folk form. The range of the villagers who perform raslila is quite vast. They perform legends that portray different stages of Krishna’s youth. In some areas of Uttar Pradesh raslila is performed only by Brahmin boys in the age group of 13 to 14 years. Even now, many roles of sakhis or mother of Radha and Krishna are performed by men disguised as women. Raslila is also performed by mobile troupes moving from village to village. A traditional raslila usually lasts for three and a half hours. The dance form was originated during the amorous encounters of milkmaids with Lord Krishna. Legend goes that when all the milkmaids started demanding Krishna to be their dance partner, Krishna cast a spell so that each of those milkmaid thought Krishna wasdancing with them. This marked the birth of Raslila. Raslila is generally performed by mobile troupes that roam around village to village. This dance is performed primarily on Rasia, a song form that is entirely based on the theme of Krishna-Radha love. Raslila is a folk tradition that has incorporated elements of Indian classical music, drama and dance. This presentation goes beyond professionalism. Though the dramas have basic scripts there is ample room for improvisation and extemporization, only to return to its formal delineation after the inspiration of the creative force is consumed. The emphasis is on ‘seeing through sound’ (darshan). The visual sense is to enhance, but the ultimate ingredient is the ‘bhava’, a particular mood or sentiment conveyed by the music and songs, which along with the action of the drama enable the actors and the audience to personally taste the different dramatic flavors, such as friendship, servitor ship, parental love, conjugal love, amazement, humor, chivalry, compassion, fury, fear and dread.

Queen Elizabeth Rhetorical Analysis of Tilbury Speech

Queen Elizabeth’s speech invigorated the troops and ensured her faith in them and her capability as a leader through the use of repetition, juxtaposition, persuasion, amplification and diction. In the beginning sentence Elizabeth includes herself in the fight by using â€Å"we† thereby establishing a common ground with the troops. She uses emotional argument to instill a sense of nationalism. Elizabeth repeatedly refers to her people affectionately with phrases like â€Å"my loving people† (line 1) or â€Å"my faithful and loving people† (line 5).By complementing the soldiers, asserting nationalism, and giving them a purpose, she inspires them to proudly defend England. Queen Elizabeth reference’s God and country throughout the speech, evoking a strong sense of English patriotism through the use of repetition. The Queen juxtaposes her â€Å"weak and feeble† (line 14) form as a woman, to her strong spirit and bravery, likened to that of a king of England, thus further appealing to the audience’s nationalism. She elevates her status above the oppressing sexism of the times, she suggests that she is as capable of success as any shrewd, hard-stomached king.When speaking of the defense of the county, the Queen proposes that she herself will fight amongst them, Elizabeth repeats â€Å"myself† as amplification of her dedication to her country. Elizabeth places her full trust in her people, denouncing any thought of distrust. Her unwavering trust is a reassurance to her people. She does not feel the need to control and regulate her subjects for fear of rebellion, she gives them the power to defend and protect the homeland. Her people respect her for this and remain loyal to her. The final persuasion is promise of â€Å"rewards and crowns† (line 21) for those concerned with monetary and influential matters.The Queen promises to reward for valour and virtue on the battlefield. The repetition of â€Å"yourâ⠂¬  in the closing sentence serves as an appraisal and importance of the troops. Elizabeth uses the value of trust, nationalism, faith, relation, and material reward as a means to convince her troops to defend their homeland. By assimilating herself as their equal and asserting her willingness to give everything for her country, she makes the idea of dying in battle more comfortable to the soldiers. She gives them a cause, and they rise to the occasion.

Hell-Heaven Essay Example

Hell Hell-Heaven Paper Hell-Heaven Paper Laura Anderson English 102-3 Dr. Spence September 14, 2011 Lost and Found Love They say it is better to have loved and lost, than to never have loved at all. But, what about a love that one must hide and keep secret? Or what about a love that you didn’t even know was there? In â€Å"Hell-Heaven† by Jhumpa Lahiri, Boudi, a Bengali-American woman is trapped in a loveless marriage. She discovers the loyalty, comfort, and fondness that goes with growing old with another person. Through great friendship and bond, heartbreak and lost love, Boudi discovers that there is more than handholding and giddiness in a marriage. According to Usha, Boudi’s daughter and the narrarator of the story, there was not a lot of love between her parents. Their marriage was an arrangement made in order to keep their parents happy. They had nothing in common, no emotional bond, and were complete strangers before they were married. The only thing that Boudi was grateful for in their marriage was that she did not have to live in the country with her in-laws and their rules. While walking around the streets in Cambridge one afternoon Boudi is approached by a fellow Bengali, who was new to America. He was invited back home with Boudi and Usha to have a proper Bengali meal, and from then on he was a member of the family. Adopted into the family as an older brother-like to Boudi and an uncle to Usha, Pranab Kaku offers an emotional bond that is not seen nor felt from Boudi’s husband. Boudi and Pranab Kaku had many things in common, came from the same neighborhood in Calcutta, and had even shopped in the same local stores. Boudi began to look forward to his visits and would even change clothes, brush her hair, and make extra special meals. Often Pranab Kaku would take Usha and Boudi for rides and they would pack a picnic. They formed an emotional bond in which Boudi had never shared with another man before. These outings would be deemed inappropriate had Usha not been with, but it is clear that Boudi was in love with Pranab Kaku. Usha claims, â€Å"He wooed her as no other man had.. needing her†¦in a way my father never did. † (P. 642). Although Boudi never proclaims her love for Pranab Kaku until the end of the story, her love is evident when she has jealous tendencies when he starts bringing another woman around. Pranab Kaku starts bringing an American woman around and Boudi is very judgmental about her. She always insisted that the relationship was never going to last. She tells Usha, â€Å"In a few weeks, the fun will be over and she’ll leave him,† (P. 642). Boudi is very traditional in her Bengali ways, so while she knows she will never be with Pranab Kaku, she doesn’t want him ‘screwing’ up his life with an American woman. She would rather see him with a proper Bengali woman. Pranab seeks approval for his girlfriend, but Boudi does not voice her opinion, except to her friends right before the two of them get married, â€Å"She will leave him†¦He is throwing his life away† (P. 645). Pranab Kaku slowly drifts away after staring his own family. Boudi and her family get the occasional update until Debra (Pranab Kaku’s wife) calls and tells Boudi of a divorce, and Pranab Kaku’s unfaithful tendencies. It was then that Boudi has a realization of the love that her and her husband share. They had grown old together and when their house emptied and it was left to the two of them, their fondness of each other improved. They took care of each other when they were sick and had a mutual respect for each other. Boudi never had to worry about being taken care of or her family breaking up. She had eventually come to peace with broken heart after Pranab Kaku got married and found a new kind of love in her own marriage.

Make Hot Ice From Vinegar and Baking Soda

Make Hot Ice From Vinegar and Baking Soda Sodium acetate or hot ice is an amazing chemical you can prepare yourself from baking soda and vinegar. You can cool a solution of sodium acetate below its melting point and then cause the liquid to crystallize. The crystallization is an exothermic process, so the resulting ice is hot. Solidification occurs so quickly you can form sculptures as you pour the hot ice. Fast Facts: Hot Ice Science Experiment MaterialsBaking SodaVinegarConcepts IllustratedSupercoolingCrystallizationExothermic Chemical ReactionsTime RequiredFrom start to finish, this experiment takes about an hour. Once you have the hot ice, you can quickly melt and recrystallize it.LevelBeginner to Intermediate LevelNotesThe chemicals in this experiment are non-toxic. However, because liquids are boiled, adult supervision is recommended. This project is best for middle school and above. Sodium Acetate or Hot Ice Materials 1-liter clear vinegar (weak acetic acid)4 tablespoons baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) Prepare the Sodium Acetate or Hot Ice In a saucepan or large beaker, add baking soda to the vinegar, a little at a time and stirring between additions. The baking soda and vinegar react to form sodium acetate and carbon dioxide gas. If you dont add the baking soda slowly, youll essentially get a baking soda and vinegar volcano, which would overflow your container. Youve made the sodium acetate, but it is too dilute to be very useful, so you need to remove most of the water. Here is the reaction between the baking soda and vinegar to produce the sodium acetate: Na[HCO3]– CH3–COOH → CH3–COO– Na H2O CO2Boil the solution to concentrate the sodium acetate. You could just remove the solution from heat once you have 100-150 ml of solution remaining, but the easiest way to get good results is to simply boil the solution until a crystal skin or film starts to form on the surface. This took me about an hour on the stove over medium heat. If you use lower heat you are less likely to get yellow or brown liquid, but it will take longer. If discoloration occurs, its okay. Once you remove the sodium acetate solution from heat, immediately cover it to prevent any further evaporation. I poured my solution into a separate container and covered it with plastic wrap. You should not have any crystals in your solution. If you do have crystals, stir a very small amount of water or vinegar into the solution, just sufficient to dissolve the crystals.Place the covered container of sodium acetate solution in the refrigerator to chill. Activities Involving Hot Ice The sodium acetate in the solution in the refrigerator is an example of a supercooled liquid. That is, the sodium acetate exists in liquid form below its usual melting point. You can initiate crystallization by adding a small crystal of sodium acetate or possibly even by touching the surface of the sodium acetate solution with a spoon or finger. The crystallization is an example of an exothermic process. Heat is released as the ice forms. To demonstrate supercooling, crystallization, and heat release you could: Drop a crystal into the container of cooled sodium acetate solution. The sodium acetate will crystallize within seconds, working outward from where you added the crystal. The crystal acts as a nucleation site or seed for rapid crystal growth. Although the solution just came out of the refrigerator, if you touch the container you will find it is now warm or hot.Pour the solution onto a shallow dish. If the hot ice does not spontaneously begin crystallization, you can touch it with a crystal of sodium acetate (you can usually scrape a small amount of sodium acetate from the side of the container you used earlier). The crystallization will progress from the dish up toward where you are pouring the liquid. You can construct towers of hot ice. The towers will be warm to the touch.You can re-melt sodium acetate and re-use it for demonstrations. Hot Ice Safety As you would expect, sodium acetate is a safe chemical for use in demonstrations. It is used as a food additive to enhance flavor and is the active chemical in many hot packs. The heat generated by the crystallization of a refrigerated sodium acetate solution should not present a burn hazard.

Unemployment in Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Unemployment in Europe - Essay Example A survey conducted in 2006, an assessment of the unemployment rates in various countries in Europe was carried out. As per the results of that survey, unemployment in Europe in general is currently as high as 4% to 17%. (Kurten, 2006). Not only this, the rate of unemployment was assessed to decrease further in the coming years, which is the biggest cause of concern among the youth of the European nations. The same study by Kurten (2006) revealed that till 2004, people below 25 years of age belonging to the European Union faced unemployment in the percentage of over 18.6%. What particularly raises a lot of difficulties in the way of young Europeans getting employed is a lack of sufficient experience that would get them qualified for the jobs. Any journey has to start from a point. Unfortunately, young Europeans can not start because the employers expect them to have considerable experience that is not possible without at least one employer having compromised upon lack of experience and accepted a fresh graduate. Moreover, employers in Europe conventionally judge the skills of a person through his/her CV. This way, many potential employees fail to be even considered for selection simply because the CVs are not convincing enough in terms of experience. In addition to that, employers in Europe generally tend to evaluate the proficiency of an individual through his/her experience with the first job. This can prove very unfortunate for an individual in that even if he/she remained employed with some infamous and unrenowned company for a considerable length of time in the start of his/her career, he/she might have extreme difficulty searching another job after leaving the first one. The consequences can be even worse if the individual got expelled from the first job for some reason, even if he/she was not at fault at all. On the other hand, employees themselves feel demotivated by repeated rejections and expulsions

Court Procedures 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Court Procedures 3 - Essay Example s is mostly possible through the arresting and investigating officer’s sworn testimony about the area where the crime was committed being the same area where the trial is being held. This is enough to convince the judge and jury that the place of trial is in accordance with the constitution. Every accused individual has a right to a speedy trial as a constitutional right. There are two major differences between the constitutional and statutory right to a speedy trial. The first difference is that there should be a test to determine if the right was violated. In the statutory right, the test is carried out just in regards to violation of time periods and nothing more. However, the constitutional right examines factors such as the length of delay, justification of that delay, the prejudice that the delay caused and whether this delay was asserted by the defendant or not. The other difference is in regards to the remedy for the violation of this right. The statutory right depends on the statute provided some of which indicate the defendant may be retired while the constitutional right requires dismissal of charges and failure to retry the defendant on the offence. There are two things that are considered in regards to the mental status of the defendant: the first is insanity and the other is competency to stand trial. The two are different even though they sound similar. Insanity regards the mental state of the defendant at the time when the alleged crime took place while competence to stand trial regards the mental state of the patient during the trial which may prevent him from being tried. The competence of any individual to stand trial is protected by the Fifth as well as the Fourteenth Amendments and prevents any incompetent individual from standing trial. Proof is however needed to verify the state of mind of the defendant. The most important thing in chapter 11 is the explanation of the role of the judge as well as the prosecutor which may people do not

IDEAL ACOUSTIC AND INTERIOR DESIGN FOR A JAZZ CLUB Essay

IDEAL ACOUSTIC AND INTERIOR DESIGN FOR A JAZZ CLUB - Essay Example Very often the when dealing with small, closed places, such as a club, there are a few vital aspects that need to be taken into consideration. One such aspect is reverberation. It is the residual sound that remains after the source of sound, or music in this context, is stopped. This occurs due to the presence of highly reflective surfaces such as hard walls and wooden floors. When more such surfaces are present, the reverberation time, i.e. the time duration for which the sound is sustained after the source is turned off, increases. This can cause disastrous effects by increasing the overall noise level. A similar problem is the reflection of sound. This can be very annoying to a listener due to an effect described as the ‘microphone effect’ (â€Å"Education: Acoustics 101†). This is a problem caused due to peaked roofs and reflective corners. Both these problems can be countered by the use of absorptive materials. When the word â€Å"absorptive† is used c ommon materials that come to mind are carpets and wall hangings. While usage of a carpet is a good idea, it will in no way be sufficient to overcome the ill effects of reflection and reverberation. As mentioned before the peaked or domed ceiling should the dealt with. Also if the back walls are flat or, worse, concave they can contribute to the slapping back of the sound to the performer(s) on the stage. Adding absorptive materials to the ceilings and acoustic wall paneling to the back walls can effectively reduce the above mentioned problems (â€Å"Project remedies†). Adding absorptive material, preferably black, to the stage back wall and also sometimes the side walls, is in some cases a very effective measure to obtain same reverberation times both on the stage and the rest of the room. A factor not be overlooked is the audience itself. The audience themselves contribute to the absorption factor. The space is less absorptive without the audience, so care must be taken to m aintain consistency in

Hybridity Concepts In Postcolonial Studies

Hybridity Concepts In Postcolonial Studies The flow of information and the movement of people in this ever evolving, interconnected and interactive world have been a profound reason in the creation of new cultures in the form of mixing of local and foreign ideas and values. This kind of mixing is a tiny part of the loose and slippery meaning of hybridity. The term hybridity is used in many areas such as hybrid economy (the mixture of private enterprises and government active participation in global economy) (Koizumi,2010); hybrid cars, hybrid language (creole and patois), and most importantly in relation to this study is in the arena of hybrid cultures (Tomlinson,1999; Coombs Brah,2000). Easthope (1998) contends that hybridity can have three meanings; in terms of biology, ethnicity and culture. In biological science, hybrid could mean the composition of genetic component in human being, animals or plants. In the second and third definitions, hybridity can be understood to mean an individual who possesses two or more ethnic and cultural identities. However de Toro emphasises that the meaning of hybridity in modern cultural theory has nothing to do with the biological and zoological origin of the term (de Toro, 2004). Hutnyk (2005) on the other hand reveals that the term hybridity and syncretism seem to serve the inner cultural aspects of colonialism and the global market. Several key thinkers in the realm of hybridity includes among others Homi Bhabha, Robert Young, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Stuart Hall and Paul Gilroy, who draw upon related concepts from Deleuze, Derrida, Marx, Fanon and Bakhtin to name a few.(Ref) In particular, Bhabha has developed his concept of hybridity from literary and cultural theory to describe the construction of culture and identity within conditions of colonial antagonism and equity (Meredith, 1998; Bhabha, 1994; Bhabha, 1996). In socio-cultural milieu, hybridity is used as an explicative term and hybridity became a useful tool in forming a discourse of racial mixing which was seen as an aberration in the end of 18th century. The kind of hybrid during this era was largely referring to inter marriage of black and white and the offspring were identified as the hybrid product. It has also been referred to as an abuse term in colonial discourse for those who are products of miscegenation or mixed-breeds. Papastergiadis in Werbner Modood (2000) on the other hand asserts that the positive feature of hybridity is that it invariably acknowledges that identity is constructed through a negotiation of difference and that the presence of fissures, gaps and contradictions is not necessarily a sign of failure. (ibid:258). Therefore hybridity can be seen in both negative and positive forms. Ashcroft, Griffiths and Tiffin (2006) assert that hybridity occurs in post-colonial societies as a result of economic and political expansion and control and when the coloniser diluted indigenous peoples (the colonised) social practices and assimilate them to a new social mold. They also further explain that hybridity extends until after the period of imperialism when patterns of immigrations from rural to urban region and from other imperial areas of influence; such as Chinese and Indian labourers coming in into the Malay Peninsula during the labour intensive period. However, with the end imperialism, with the rising of immigration and economic liberalisation, the term hybridity has profoundly been used in many different dimensions and is one of the most disputed terms in postcolonial studies. It can take many forms including cultural, political and linguistics. It is important to note that hybridity can be interpreted in many different accounts from a slight hybrid to the extreme of culture clash. In the postcolonial studies the term hybrid commonly refers to the creation of new trans-cultural forms within the contact zone produced by colonisation (Ashcroft et al.,2003). One other dimension of this term is the hybrid talk which is associated with the emergence of postcolonial discourse and its critique of cultural imperialism.(elaborate) Easthope (1998) on the other hand asserts that in his discussions of hybridity, it has no fix definition except in relation to non-hybridity: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦that the opposition between difference and absolute presence needs to be relativised by introducing more than one concept of identity, that a coherent, speaking subject cannot live in the gaps between identities. (p.347). Pieterse (2001:221) maintains that New hybrid forms are significant indicators of profound changes that are taking place as a consequence of mobility, migration and multiculturalism. In addition, cultural diasporization (Hall, 1990) signifies a new form of identity as a result of interculturality and diasporic relations (Anthias,2010). However, Anthias (ibid:620) postulates that: If hybrid social identities are now the characteristic identities of the modern world, then struggles over cultural hegemony and the underlying mechanisms that support it, become increasingly empty signifiers; merely to occupy the space of the hybrid constitutes an emancipator human condition. In addition, de Toro (1991,1996a) contends that hybridity is always inherent to culture, identity and nations but it is the object of reflections and definitions of different settings and also applied in very different fields. Correspondingly, de Toro suggests that one has to understand the notion of hybridity in a broader metacontext and has to see hybridity as mixing systems at the base of the combination of different models and processes. The discussion of hybridity in this study focuses on the contemporary debate about culture, ethnicity and identity which underpins de Toros model of hybridity as a cultural category. The main argument of this study is the problematic nature of managing the differences of cultural, ethnical and religious groups in Malaysias plural society in the quest for the construction of shared Malaysian identity. The discussion of hybridity in the Malaysian context in this study therefore is not about finding a midway to the solution of differences in cultures and identity but to identify a space where cultural, religious and ethnic difference can be celebrated. In as much the arguments in the succeeding sections deal with ethnicity, culture and religion, this study does not attempt to explicate an in depth discussion of the cultural theory concept. However, cultural theory will be reviewed at a surface level. In the linguistics setting, Bakhtin (1981) puts forward the notion of linguistic hybridity. He, according to Young (1995) delineates the way in which language, even within a single sentence, can be doubled-voiced. Bakhtin affirms that linguistic hybridity mixes two social languages within the limits of a single utterance but differentiated by other factors of those social utterances. Simplistically, it describes the ability to be simultaneously the same but different (ibid:20). Young further postulates that for Bakhtin, hybridity describes the process of the authorial unmasking of anothers speech, through a language that is double-accented and double-styled. Bakhtin (1981) divides his linguistic hybridity into two; intentional hybridity and unconscious or organic hybridity. The former occurs when a voice has the ability to ironise and unmask the other within the same utterance. The organic hybridity , on the other hand occurs when two languages fused together: . the languages change historically primarily by hybridization, by means of a mixing of various languages co-existing within the boundaries of a single dialect, a single national language, a single branch, a single group of different branches, in the historical as well as paleontological past of languages. (Ibid:358). The language hybridity phenomenon is one of main discussions in this current study as the multicultural society evolves in Malaya then Malaysia respectively, languages evolve in tandem. The discussion involves the emergence of Malaysian English or Manglish in social interactions of the populace within ones own ethnic community or with the other communities at large. This is argued in the discussions and findings chapter of this current study. The section that follows discusses in greater detail of hybridity in the light of Bhabhas (1998) work on cultural diversity and cultural difference. Understanding Bhabhas concept of hybridity in relation to cultural diversity Bhabhas conception of hybridity is developed from literary and cultural theory by which he identifies that the governing bodies (coloniser) translate the identity of the colonised (the other) in tandem with the essentialist beliefs. This action of translation however does not produce something that is known to the coloniser or the colonised but essentially new (Papastergiadis, 1997). Bhabha believes that it is this new blurred boundaries or spaces in-between subject-position that are identified as the locality of the disruption and displacement of predominant influence of colonial narratives and cultural structures and practice. Bhabha (1994) claims that the difference in cultural practices within different groups, however rational a person is, is actually very difficult and even impossible and counterproductive, to try and fit together different forms of culture and to pretend that they can easily coexist. As he affirms: The assumption that at some level all forms of cultural diversity may be understood on the basis of a particular universal concept, whether it be human being, class, or race, can be both very dangerous and very limiting in trying to understand the ways in which cultural practices construct their own systems of meaning and social organisation (ibid:209) There is truth to a certain degree to the statement above in terms of the universality of cultural diversity applied in many pluralistic countries including Malaysia. However, to a larger extent, this present study, at a later stage would render the limitations of that statement amidst difficulties and multitudes of problems in inter-ethnic relationship; Malaysian society has proven its ability to be one of the select few which are able to prove that the differences in cultural practices could be the catalyst not hindrance or counterproductive amongst different groups to coexist. This concept of the third space is central and useful in analysing this current study in terms of its interstitial positioning between cultural and ethnic identity with that of a negotiated identity (shared identity) in the Malaysian context. Bhabha believes that the process of cultural hybridity gives rise to new and unidentifiable, a new era of negotiation of meaning and representation. For him controversies are inevitable and unavoidable in a multicultural society as negotiations happen almost in all circumstances including socio-politics and economy down to minute affairs such as in classrooms context. The implication of western colonial legacy which had changed cultural ideology of a former colonised nation is central to the modern discourse of negotiation and instead of questioning the legality of certain cultural status assigned to immigrant cultures, it is inevitable but to accept, admire and celebrate diversity in ways which are appropriately befitting the society as a whole. The significance of the hybridity concept Post-colonial cultural politics assertions: integration and assimilation to unification As a result of hybridisation, dominant culture becomes diluted and more dispersed; less integrated and can then be negotiated. The process of cultural hybridisation allows greater opportunity for local culture to be emphasised thus presents a greater likelihood for more people to feel the sense of belonging. (Canclini,1995;Pieterse,2004). Hybridity needs to be considered as a continuous transaction of renewals and compromise of the practices of identity A more analytical perspective that reviews the assumption about culture and identity from us-them dualism to a collective sense of both. Therefore acceptance and conciliation of both difference and similarity. 5.0. The Third Space Appropriation of The Third Space to the study Otherness Stereotyping in Post Colonial Studies 9.0 Applying hybridity, otherness and stereotyping to the construction of shared identity Identity in Plural Society Propagating and espousing a new conception of shared identity New opportunities, new challenges to develop a collective sense of identity Identity is multiple, overlapping and context-sensitive (Kwame Appiah in Koizumi) New conception of self hybrid self rejects singular identity and adopt a fluid context-dependent identity Classification of identity formation: inherited and acquired (social and psychological) The Construction Malaysian Identity Summary

Computers in Surgery :: Informative

Computers in Surgery Implementing Computers into surgery is a new and exciting area of study. It has only been in the past 20 years that computers have started to be incorporated with surgery. In 1989, abstracts of the surgical literature were being distributed on 5.25-inch floppy disks. These abstracts were then used in medical operations and evaluations. Doctors could travel though menus in the abstracts and eventually targeting a solution, procedure, or cause of illnesses. This made the time it takes to flip through pages and pages of medical journals and textbooks less expansive and cumbersome. Doctors have now gotten to the point where laptops are brought into surgery and are used to aid doctors and nurses. Instead of saying â€Å"Nurse, scalpel,† surgeons ask their nurses to find information on the laptops. Besides holding information, Computers can also be used to manipulate tools and other things in the operating room. Mechanical arms are often used to perform procedures. Sometimes a computer is used to navigate cameras inside of the human body in order to locate tumors and blockages. Computers are also used to analyze images taken before surgery. Dr. Ninian Peckitt uses software to analyze a CAT scan images in order to understand his patient’s skull. The program in the computer actually directions for making full size replicas of patients heads. In conclusion, there is a huge advancement being made as far as computer aided surgeries go. From holding information, analyzing problems, delivering solutions, to performing operations, computers are the next step in medical tools.

Primary Commodity Exports and Civil War Essay

Fearon’s study particularly pertains to the evaluation on which particular countries are actually prone to undergoing situations such as civil wars. In this article, he along with his co-researchers found out certain elements that contribute to the increase of threat towards the possibility of a country undergoing a civil outburst. According to the said researchers, the most important issues that needs consideration on this part of the situation is the emergence of countries that are involved in primary commodity export appointments in the field of international trade. Apparently, it is in this article that poverty has been noted to be a reactive result of several globalization approaches which also brings about the possibility of social chaos giving way to civil war. The bridge that was supposed to keep nations together through globalization is now serving as the strongest reason of gap between people around the world and even within countries. The widening gap is also producing serious consequences for the richer nations. This is because of their growing dependence on the raw materials of the nations of the â€Å"Third World. † But now these nations have changed their attitudes about how their resources will be used, and paid for. An example of this was the action taken by the oil-producing underdeveloped nations, sending shock waves throughout the industrial lands. For many decades, the poorer oil-producing nations had to sell their oil at a relatively cheap price. Recently, these nations banded together and agreed to quadruple their prices. The poor nations have laid down a clear challenge to the rich nations. They will no longer passively accept what the industrial nations have assumed for more than two centuries. That assumption was that there would always be cheap raw materials available from the poor nations. No longer is this the case. However, the dilemma of the poor nations is that most of them are not blessed with abundant raw materials. Most of them lack abundant mineral and oil resources. They are largely agricultural lands, and in bad years, they have nothing to fall back on to sell to other nations. Therefore, they will not have the money to buy the food and other things they need to help them in bad years. That is just what is happening now to various countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. The main idea of studying the way people live in the society is to see how far they have fared in making their way to progress. However, contrary to the aimed unified progress, development is usually shifted only to the â€Å"haves†. Yes, the world may be seemingly unfair, equality may even seem too impossible to be achieved, but through a unified effort, having an equal community could still be worked upon by the entire human civilization; something that is most needed to avoid possible outburst of civil war. Bibliography Fearon, James. Primary Commodity Exports and Civil War. Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 49, No. 4, 483-507 (2005).

Vatican Council Ii

Concilium Oecumenicum Vaticanum Secundum (The Vatican Council II) The Second Vatican Council was formally opened by Pope John XXIII on 11 October 1962 and closed under Pope Paul VI on 8 December 1965. Its aim was â€Å"†¦ to throw open the windows of the Catholic Church so that we can see out and the people can see in. † – Pope John XXIII. T The main topics discussed were the Church itself, ecumenism and other religions, relation to the modern world and the liturgy of mass. The Catholic Church recognised the increasing rift between people and their relationship with God and the Church, and created four constitutions which addressed the issue.Dei Verbum (Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation), Lumen Gentium (Dogmatic Constitution on the Church), Gaudium et Spes (Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World), Sacrosanctum Concilium (Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy). These documents are responses to the external issues and internal issues that impac ted the Church, and are further discussed later. The 1960’s was a huge counter-cultural movement which challenged the traditional codes of behaviour linked to sexuality and interpersonal relationships.With the sexual revolution brought the normalisation of pre-marital sex, the contraception and the pill, homosexuality and later; the legalisation of abortion. There was a rapid evolution of a youth subculture which encouraged experimentation and change, and religious values were disregarded and replaced with hedonistic attitudes. This impacted the Church because the one of the fundamental teachings of the Church is that sexual intercourse is only to express married love and for the procreation of children.The Church opposed abortion and contraception as it goes against their teachings and this caused an uproar from the feminists. Their argument was that they should have â€Å"free choice because it’s my body†. The Church until this time was also a male dominant bo dy, and women began to fight for the right to become a priest and for female altar servers. The advancement of technology also impacted the Church as prior to TV and travelling technology, society had a narrow view of the world, and mainly stuck to their own local community.The Church had played a huge role in their life because of this. But when TV became more popular, people began to spend more time watching TV and learning about things more relevant to their lives, and it became another â€Å"voice† they listened to. With the rise of technology, the â€Å"voice† of the Church became less significant. These were the major social changes which impacted the Church and some changes were made to counter the issues. During this time the Church was also facing internal issues as well as being confronted with social changes.Mass attendance was falling due to a lot of social changes. This included the sexual revolution, the role of women in society and decreased respect for the church as an authority figure. â€Å"The sexual revolution was a development in the modern world which saw the significant loss of power by the values of a morality rooted in the Christian tradition and the rise of permissive societies of attitudes that were accepting of greater sexual freedom and experimentation that spread all over the world. † (Extract from Wikipedia).Falling mass attendance may also have been due to people not being able to understand the mass, as it was in Latin or maybe feeling that the Church was too hierarchal in the way that the laity weren’t allowed to contribute during mass. Another issue was that religious numbers were also falling as many of the religious and priests had left Europe on missions. There was also tension between Protestant Churches and the Catholic Church, as the Church’s main goal was to convert as many people to Catholicism as possible.The role and structure of the Church was also under speculation as many though t the Church needed an â€Å"update† to society, and others believed that the old traditions should not be changed at all, and this caused some conflict within the Church. In order to deal with these internal and external issues, the Vatican Council II created four documents which responded to these matters. The first dogmatic constitution was Dei Verbum which was about Divine Revelation.Divine Revelation can be defined as God’s activity in making himself and his purposes known to mankind through Christ, the prophets and the apostles. Pre Vatican II, the Church taught that only priests could read and interpret scripture. But Council stated â€Å"Easy access to Sacred Scripture should be provided for all the Christian faithful. But since the word of God should be accessible at all times, the Church by her authority and with maternal concern sees to it that suitable and correct translations are made into different languages, especially from the original texts of the sac red ooks. †(Dei Verbum p. 22). This basically meant that anyone could read the bible, but the magisterium alone has been trusted with guiding and teaching the meaning of the scripture with the help of the Holy Spirit. The aim of this change was so that â€Å"Through the reading and study of the sacred books â€Å"the word of God may spread rapidly and be glorified† (Thessalonians. 3:1) and the treasure of revelation, entrusted to the Church, may more and more fill the hearts of men. This change was adopted because the bible was written for everyone and therefore everyone has the chance to learn all about God’s Revelation and his gifts to all people. The second dogmatic constitution is Lumen Gentium which redefined the structure and role of the Church. The church recognises Christ as the head of the body, and as the image of the invisible God, and that all members must be formed in his likeness until Christ is formed in them. It also became more focused on divers ity and pluralism, rather than being a private circle of religious.It said that â€Å"In virtue of this catholicity each part contributes its own gifts to other parts and to the whole Church, so that the whole and each of the parts are strengthened by the common sharing of all things and by the common effort to attain fullness in unity,† (Lumen Gentium p. 13), explaining that the Church is not just about bishops, priests and the pope, but also all the faithful. Priests were described as â€Å"its support and mouthpiece, called to the service of the People of God,† (Willis, M. Lumen Gentium Summary, p. 3), which clarified their vocation as not just preaching the word of God, but also being there to guide and support the community. A dogmatic constitution on the Church was also formed about sacred liturgy. This document revealed the changes made to mass. One of the external issues during the 60’s was falling mass attendance. The youth were rebelling and trying new things and their attitude towards the Church had changed. Before Sacrosanctum Concilium, there were several differences between the traditional mass, and the mass we know today. God who â€Å"wills that all men be saved and come to the knowledge of the truth† (Timothy 2:4).Probably the biggest change was that the language of the mass changed from Latin to vernacular. This meant that the laity could now completely understand what was going on at mass. To promote participation, the people were encourages to take part by means of readings, responses, hymns and giving out communion. The communion rail was withdrawn, and the priest now has his back to the tabernacle to face the people. The document also allowed altar girls. These changes were made so that the Church was more appealing to people, so that they felt more welcome and interested in the Church again.The last dogmatic constitution made was Gaudium et Spes. This document deals with the relevance of the Church and its pla ce it society. It also talks about interaction with other faiths. The Council expresses a desire to engage in conversation with the entire human family so that the Church can cooperate in solving contemporary problems. It addresses this Constitution to Catholics, to all Christians, and to the whole of humanity. The Council sets out to establish a working relationship with the world, claiming â€Å"Christ, to be sure, gave His Church no proper mission in the political, economic or social order.The purpose which He set before her is a religious one. But out of this religious mission itself come a function, a light and an energy which can serve to structure and consolidate the human community according to the divine law. † (Gaudium et Spes p. 11). The Church is desired to assist the whole of humanity to overcome all strife and conflict between nations, and this sense of unity comes from one of its fundamental beliefs that the Church is one with the Holy Spirit. One way this was shown Pope John XXIII invited other Christians outside of the Catholic Church to send observers to the Council.Acceptances came from both the Protestant denominations and Eastern Orthodox churches. The goal of conforming people to Catholicism was no more, instead the Church now preaches Ecumenism. While helping the world and receiving many benefits from it, the Church has a single intention: that God's kingdom may come, and that the salvation of the whole human race may come to pass. â€Å"The Council wished to ponder the many problems and possibilities of the modern world â€Å"in the light of the gospel and of human experience†. Michael Paul Gallagher SJ, Reaching out to the world: Gaudium et Spes). In its final form, Gaudium et Spes encourages a â€Å"new humanism† marked by a greater sense of our responsibility for history. God, so to speak, gives the world into our hands. We are dramatically free and called, with the help of grace, to transform this planet throug h loving service. These responses strengthened the mission of the Church for a contemporary society. The Church acknowledged that there was growing secularism in society, and that growing numbers of people are abandoning religion in practice. Church does not only communicate divine life to men but in some way casts the reflected light of that life over the entire earth, most of all by its healing and elevating impact on the dignity of the person, by the way in which it strengthens the seams of human society and imbues the everyday activity of men with a deeper meaning and importance†, (Gaudium et Spes, p. 40) summarises the mission of the Church in contemporary society; to bring salvation. It was Pope John XXIII who realised that the Church had â€Å"†¦ o throw open the windows of the Catholic Church so that we can see out and the people can see in,† (Pope John XXIII), so that they can understand and come to terms with the always changing society, to reform itself to the needs of the people. Through the four dogmatic constitutions of the Second Vatican Council, the Church was able to renew their relationship with the world, renovate new ways to communicate with the whole of humanity, and achieve its goal of making Church more engaging and relevant to a contemporary society.The Second Vatican Council was the most significant event for the Catholic Church in the 20th century. It had four aims; to impart an ever increasing vigour to the Christian life of the faithful, to adapt more closely to the need of our age those institutions which are subject to change, to foster whatever can promote union among all who believe in Christ and to strengthen whatever can help to call all mankind into the Church’s fold.The four dogmatic constituents; Sacrosanctum Concilium, Gaudium et Spes, Dei Verbum and Lumen Gentium, addressed internal and external issues that impacted the Church, and endeavoured to answer them. Such issues included the sexual revolu tion of the 60’s, the feminist movement, the reformation of the protestant church, and falling mass attendance. The responses strived to improve these circumstances and help to bring people closer to God. The allowance of female altar servers, the changes to liturgy in order to make it more engaging to people and the preaching of ecumenism helped restore elationships between the Church and the faithful, and the Church and other religions. There are still unresolved issues and debates involving the Church, such as contraception and abortion and the request for female priests, and if the Church was to call another Council, these would be the issues discussed. Overall, the Second Vatican Council was successful in making a difference and re-establishing its role in the world today. REFERENCES Pope Paul VI; Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation – Dei Verbum. (n. d. ).Retrieved April  13, 2013, from http://www. vatican. va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/docu ments/vat-ii_const_19651118_dei-verbum_en. html Gaudium et spes | Catholic Social Services Australia. (n. d. ). Retrieved April  15, 2013, from http://catholicsocialservices. org. au/Catholic_Social_Teaching/Gaudium_et_spes Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern Word-Gaudium et Spes. (n. d. ). Retrieved April  12, 2013, from http://www. vatican. va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_cons_19651207_gaudium-et-spes_en. htmlSexual revolution in 1960s United States – Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia. (n. d. ). Retrieved  April  13 2013, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sexual_revolution_in_1960s_United_States Dale A. Robbins; From the book, â€Å"What People Ask About The Church, What is the mission of the church? (n. d. ). Retrieved  April  13 2013 from http://www. victorious. org/churchbook/chur04. htm Michael Paul Gallagher S; Reaching out to the world: Gaudium et spes | Catholicireland. net. (n. d. ). Retrieved  April  12 2013 from, http://www. catholicireland. net/reaching-out-to-the-world-gaudium-et-spes/